Discussthetraitsapproachtotheentrepreneurialpersonalityandthereasons Essay

Discussthetraitsapproachtotheentrepreneurialpersonalityandthereasons why it neglects to appropriately foresee the conduct of business visionaries - Essay Example Attributes can be characterized as ongoing social and suspected examples of individuals. Attributes have been estimated to reflect the amount of a specific quality does a particular classification of individuals reflect. This likewise suggests people that act along these lines can be looked at and standards for different classifications of individuals can be distinguished dependent on attribute designs. The attribute approach has set down these examples for business people (Okhomina, 2010). The quality methodology has set down specific parameters dependent on this entirely quantifiable component of personal conduct standard and the paper looks to consider this methodology. It proceeds onward to investigate the disadvantages of the attribute approach and talks about the explanation for the disappointments of the hypothesis. Enterprise can be barely characterized as an individual who builds up and maintains their own business. A hopeful business visionary is a one that plans to build up and maintain their own business sooner or later in time. Business enterprise can likewise be characterized as formation of something that includes an incentive with proper time and endeavors going towards its turn of events. This definition expect that individual fulfillment and fiscal increases are compensations for different dangers (social, physical and budgetary) embraced. Business enterprise and the business visionary have changed that way for business sectors and economies. They have contributed in growing new administrations and items and have offered approach to innovativeness and advancement that made financial turn of events and success conceivable. It is a direct result of this significance that business visionaries hold in molding the monetary eventual fate of the nation, that reviews have been led to examine enterprising conduct and characterize attributes that would thusly help in creating innovative capacity in the countries. There are numerous qualities for a business visionary however the attribute that has been recognized as one of the basic ones is the capacity to distinguish opportunity and making benefits

American Gods - Character essays

American Gods - Character papers The primary character of American Gods, Shadow, is first presented while he is in jail. He is portrayed as a huge calm man of an obscure race. The crowd isn't given subtleties of his highlights, or understanding into the inward operations of his psyche. After he is discharged from jail, he begins on a pre-ordained way that whisks him the country over in anticipation of a war of the divine beings. Through the entirety of the unexplainable, he watches and says nothing. He once in a while questions the fact of occasions he witnesses, and never attempts to run from the undertakings. There are just a couple of times the crowd is permitted to see that Shadow is fairly mad pretty much all that he has seen. Shadow himself concedes that he is numb to life in the wake of turning out to be mindful his better half was unfaithful, in any case nothings truly astonished me since Laura...since I learned she was screwing Robbie...that one hurt...everything else just sits on a superficial level (344). Neil Gaiman purposefully doesn't portray Shadow without question. He utilizes Shadows unclearness to attract the peruser, and assist them with identifying with the fundamental character. At the point when Shadow assumes the personality of Mike Ainsel, he communicates his pleasure at having the option to get his past behind him for a short second, Mike Ainsel had none of the issues that Shadow had...Ainsel had never been married...Mike Ainsel had never been cross examined on a cargo train by Mr. Wood and Mr. Stone...televisions didn't address Mike Ainsel (270). This is one of the main occasions the crowd is made mindful that piece of Shadow is furious for the issues he has fallen into. Generally, Shadow gives off an impression of being willing to track with behind Wednesday. It seems Shadow doesn't accept every last bit of it from the outset. The bison man comes to Shadow in a fantasy and inquires as to whether he accepts yet, and Shadow says he doesn't have the foggiest idea. Shadow inquires as to whether he is genuine, and the wild ox man has a single word answer, give a false representation of... <!

2017 Best Brightest Bserat Ghebremicael, Georgetown University (McDonough)

2017 Best Brightest: Bserat Ghebremicael, Georgetown University (McDonough) by: Jeff Schmitt on April 09, 2017 | 0 Comments Comments 1,197 Views April 9, 2017Bserat GhebremicaelGeorgetown University, McDonough School of BusinessAs a first generation and low income college student, I identify as a bold woman.Fun fact about yourself: I’ve lived in eight different areas all across the United States, and once I move to San Francisco after graduation, it’ll be nine!Hometown: Las Vegas, NVHigh School: Southwest Career and Technical AcademyMajor: Management, Leadership and InnovationMinor: Justice and Peace StudiesFavorite Business Courses: Imagination and Creativity, Business Law, Social Responsibility of Business, Operations Management.Extracurricular Activities, Community Work and Leadership Roles During CollegeAdvisory Board for Affordability and Access (October 2016 – present) Student MemberI’m working on reducing summer housing costs for low income st udents, as well as reducing medical costs and finding a solution toward food insecurity on campus. Only about 5-7 students are in the advisory board – the rest of the board is administrators and directors or representatives of offices. A report will be created at the end of the year for recommendations for the university to become more inclusive structurally of low income students.Georgetown Scholarship Program Student Board (May 2016 – present) Strategic Partnerships and Advocacy Board Member, focusing on multimedia and communicationsAs a scholarship recipient (only 150 students get selected each year from the student body), I have so much thanks for this program, the staff and the mentors. As a student board member, I’ve done the marketing and design requests for programming efforts. Alongside my team member on the Strategic Partnerships and Advocacy team, I have worked on the #GSProud campaign this year, recognizing students of first generation and/or low inc ome backgrounds. This was a three-day event, with a social media campaign, a kickoff in Red Square, and a design thinking session with the Red House.Georgetown Aspiring Minority Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs (August 2016-present) Chair of the Diversity Dialogue ConferenceThis is the 4th year that the annual Diversity Dialogue Conference has been coordinated, and the first time I am the chair for the conference. We hope to increase participation from DC community members, and bring more intersectionality. Essentially, it works to bring more diversity into the workplace by connecting recruiters and students.Center for Multicultural Equity and Access: Multicultural Graduation Ceremonies (May 2016) Communications CoordinatorPer the communications role, I created the program and the marketing materials for 2016’s graduating seniors throughout the year and offered help for day of activities such as photography. These ceremonies focused on celebrating different communities of c olor and their intersections.BRAVE Summit (April 2016-present) FounderAs founder, this summit really speaks volumes to me—it focuses on celebrating black women and recognizing their work, connecting so many incredible leaders across the DC, Maryland and Virginia areas together for a dynamic event. I raised $17,000+ in sponsorships for the summit, organized a team to work on logistics, speakers, and marketing, and did the overall designs and publicity for the event. This brought over 300 people from both the DC and Georgetown community to celebrate black womanhood. We hope to increase this number to 400 this year, raise our sponsorships to $25,000, and get incredible speakers such as Mayor Muriel Bowser of DC.The Corp (May 2015 – April 2016) Board of Directors: Service and Outreach Chair Corp Humanitarian Award (October 2016)The Corp is the largest student-run business in the nation, with about $5.6 million in revenue and close to 400 employees. I planned service day ev ents with outside organizations for our Corp employees and worked on internal hiring/diversity issues, while providing perspectives on larger company objectives. I worked with our HR team to re-evaluate hiring applications, begin conversations on changing the culture of storefronts to be more inclusive, and work with a diverse group of organizations on campus by providing funding and support of their events. I was awarded the humanitarian award for my work on campus after my term on the board of directors.African Society of Georgetown’s Cultural Showcase: Abissa (April 2015-present) VolunteerEach year, I dedicate some time to help in running the showcase for ASG, and hope to do so again this year. From helping with stage managing to coordinating models for the fashion show, I’ve tried to be as available and flexible to help in putting on a show that brings about 400 or so people.Ignite the Dream Summit (April 2015) Co-founderAs co-founder, I raised $8,500 for the summi t, found speakers – both student speakers and professional speakers, and did the publicity for the event as well. This event was focused on race and socioeconomic status, both at the national and local level. We were aiming to bring the discussion to Georgetown to see how we, as students and as a community, can structurally change Georgetown for the better.Georgetown University Women of Color (May 2014 – present) Publicity Chair (May 2014 – May 2016) Vice President (May 2016 – present)I was publicity chair for two years, helping to get the word out about our events at the intersection of race and gender. I’m now vice president of the organization. Our most famous event happens annually: Race at Georgetown, a forum for students to share experiences, in which we bring together around 400 students from different backgrounds.Where have you interned during your college career? Google (June 2016 – August 2016) BOLD (Building Opportunities for Lead ership and Development)   Intern: Content Marketing Specialist, Scalable Partners Group, Online Partnerships GroupDuring my time at Google, I planned and launched two marketing campaigns to drive new user acquisition and optimize current publisher accounts. I found unique ways in creating and designing content and then collaborated with different teams (product, sales, marketing) to distribute, which hasn’t been done before. I also helped in three localizations of our ebooks in Spanish, Japanese, and Portuguese. In addition to all of this, I partnered with Blogger to highlight an emerging market of Indonesian women who see blogging as a source of empowerment. Within the first week of publishing our first post, I outperformed content throughout the year by 15%+ engagement and 1000+ more pageviews.Georgetown Scholarship Program Internship (August 2015 – present) Social Media and Marketing InternDuring my junior year, I was a front desk assistant, helping and greeting s tudents and working on marketing and design requests from staff. During my senior year, I am working to increase visibility of different events and programs available to students both that GSP plans and the larger Georgetown/DC community has to offer. I do the scheduling, designing, and content writing for the social media posts, and analyze the effectiveness of them with analytics programs. I also help with events here and there.Beeck Center for Social Impact and Innovation (October 2014 – August 2015) Student Board, Engagement Chair (October 2014 – April 2015) Analyst (May 2015 – August 2015)As a student board member, I first worked with them in terms of communication and event planning to see the intersections between social impact, innovation and the government. I also helped with some of their larger events, particularly one focusing on the disruption that women can cause to create social change. Once I became an analyst in the summer, I worked more around engaging students of different backgrounds with the center.Association for Career and Technical Education (July 2013 – March 2014) Marketing InternACTE is the larger organization that works with magnet high schools, which my school in Las Vegas happened to be. Although Las Vegas was 48th in the nation in terms of education, we were ranked 1st in the school district. I worked with them in terms of marketing and promotions, and as a thank you for so much commitment to schools like mine.Describe your dream Job: I definitely want to build my own company where I can merge innovation, technology and social justice together. Ultimately, I want to be disruptive in everything I do: bringing change and nontraditional means of thinking.Who is your favorite professor? This is a tough one. I’ve had some pretty incredible professors so I can’t name just one, but three to highlight: Dr. Marcia Chatelain, author, podcaster, and founder of #FergusonSyllabus. I took her for Histo ry of Civil Rights Movements and it was the first time I took a class that taught me about all the black women who started some pretty incredible movements, but were forgotten over the course of history and replaced with the bigger, male names. Two others include: McDonough Business School Professor Robert Bies and Father Raymond Kemp, who teaches a course I’m currently in (Struggle and Transcendence). These two have taught me to be unapologetic, imaginative, and passionate in everything I do.What did you enjoy most about majoring in a business-related field? I loved the flexibility of the classes I can take, as well as all the fields I was required to take. From business law to marketing to business ethics, I’ve had a hand in almost everything business-related and have learned so much from respectable professors.Where would you like to work after graduation?  The Google BOLD Internship actually resulted in a full time offer, so I will be working with the Online Part nerships Group as an Account Associate.What are your long-term professional goals? I hope to get a JD-MBA; it’s been said that getting both degrees is somewhat of a dying need but a bit of everything in this world has to do with the law or business, so ultimately, I think it will help me in the best possible way. I also hope to stand as a bridge to bring in more women and girls of color to whatever field I’m in.What advice would you give to a student looking to major in a business-related field? Think strategically about the professors and classes you’re taking. Get out of your natural environment and take as many â€Å"uncomfortable† classes as possible that challenge you to think critically about yourself, your values and what you aim to do in the future.â€Å"I knew I wanted to major in business when†¦I found my outlet of fun in marketing and numbers rather than organic chemistry.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"If I didn’t major in business, I would be†¦Ã¢â‚¬ on the pre-med track still, on my way to become a doctor. Access to healthcare is just so messed up these days though—there’s a larger problem here we’re not addressing adequately.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Before I entered business school, I wish I had known†¦to take full advantage of the fact that I was in the same room with some of the smartest professors nationally and globally. I’ve connected with some I’ve truly valued, but I wish I had learned more about their journeys to success.†What was the happiest moment of your life? The happiest moment was when I got an acceptance letter to Georgetown, with my financial aid essentially taken care of by the Georgetown Scholarship Program—a program that mentors, supports and provides financial assistance to low income and/or first generation college students—both of which are two proud identities of mine. I just couldn’t believe I had the chance to take advantage of a $70,000 education for such an inconsequential amount.Which academic, extracurricular or personal achievement are you most proud of? I’m proud of the BRAVE Summit—an idea that really came about because of a need on campus to celebrate the identities of some pretty incredible leaders. I think I’m most proud of it because it turned from an idea to an action so immediately, was planned in about five months and led to 300+ people in attendance. It also inspired some high school students to create a summit of their own!What animal would you choose to represent your professional brand? Oh this is easy—a lion, for sure. I’ve always identified lions as these strong, ambitious and bold animals that remain fairly calm until provoked several times. They are also strong willed and persistent—I feel that’s a pretty good representation of me.Who would you most want to thank for your success? It really lies between two groups of people. First, my parents we re a bit strict growing up, as most African parents are, but it was with their push that I always strived for more—something better than the average. It’s also almost close to graduation, and I’m really trying hard to find a way to thank my Georgetown Scholarship Program family for truly being a home away from home. Anytime I had difficulties paying for glasses, getting a winter coat, or struggling in classes, they were the ones I turned to for help and I received so much more. It’s so hard to thank a group of people for just loving me as one of their own and facilitating connections that have landed me at Google. What graduation gift says all of that?!What would you like your business school peers to say about you after you graduate from this program? I’d like to be known for working hard and challenging the norm in everything I do. First generation and low income college students come from a world so different and unexposed to the average America n. I hope throughout my time here, I’ve been able to shed some light on some of those struggles and how hard we work to be here.Favorite book: Ta-Nehisi Coates’ Between the World and MeFavorite movie: Gridiron Gang – such an inspiring film. Besides that, Home Alone 2: Lost in New York!Favorite musical performer: John Legend and Beyonce. I also have a â€Å"Powerful Women† playlist on Spotify that gets me pumped up before interviews or new life events.Favorite vacation spot: Ethiopia!What are your hobbies? I love working out, finding new music and exploring different foods while catching up with friends.What made Bserat such an invaluable addition to the Class of 2017?â€Å"Bserat  Ghebremicael embodies the mission of Georgetown Universitys McDonough School of Business by serving to create justice where there is injustice.  While  Bserat  excels academically, she also passionately commits hundreds of hours of her time to social justice programs.  Bserat  is a model McDonough student, in service to business and society.†Michelle Marie Sheahan, MBA Associate Director, Undergraduate Program Office Georgetown University,  McDonough School of BusinessDONT MISS: THE FULL HONOR ROLL: THE BEST BRIGHTEST UNDERGRADUATE BUSINESS MAJORS OF 2017 Page 1 of 11

Obesity And Obesity Among Adults Essay - 1487 Words

The subject of this paper is overweight and obesity among adults in the U.S. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of scale of the problem of overweight and obesity. A literature review on the topic was conducted with the goal of identifying factors that have proven to be successful in weight loss programs. Then the Health Belief Model will be described and applied to a proposed weight loss intervention. 1. Overview of Obesity Overweight and obesity is an urgent and universal problem. Between 1980 and 2013, the global proportion of adult men with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 25.0 and greater has risen from almost 29% to 37% and of adult women with a BMI of 30% to 38% (Ng, et al. 766). The prevalence of overweight or obesity among children and adolescents in the developed and developing countries has also risen substantially. From 2006, the increase in rates of adult obesity in developed countries has now begun to slow (Ng, et al 766). Heart disease, stroke, and cancers are the three leading causes of mortality in the U.S., and all are associated with overweight and obesity (Okunade, Rubin, Okunade 2). Obesity is the underlying factor for hypertension, low HDL cholesterol, high serum cholesterol, hyperglycemia (Grundy, et al. 434). All of these factors have an adverse impact on cardiovascular health. Unhealthy lifestyles choices underlie these chronic diseases, including diabetes (Romano Scott 707). In the U.S., overweight and obesity are secondShow MoreRelatedObesity Among Children, Adolescents And Adults845 Words   |  4 PagesObesity among children, adolescents and adults has emerged as one of the most serious public health concerns in the 21st century. Being overweight or being considered obese is typically a direct result from daily lifestyle choices, the consequences of which gradually accumulate. Genetics and social factors such as socio-economic status, race/ethnicity, media and marketing as well as the physical environment also influence energy consumption and expenditure (KoyuncuoÄŸlu Gà ¼ngà ¶r, 2014). Obesity seemsRead MoreObesity Among Small Children And Young Adults2771 Words   |  12 PagesOne of the largest issues in the United States that is continuing to grow is Obesity among small children and young adults. Many in America seem to think that the quickest way in one’s busy life it to pick up something on the way home from work, school, daycare, etc. The whole reason children and adults are so obese in America is because they are filled with so much stress by the end of the day that it is â€Å"easier† to buy food already made than to come home and make a homemade healthy meal. A lotRead MoreIs Depression among Young Adults and Teenagers Related to Obesity?1862 Words   |  8 PagesResearch Question: Is Depression among young adults and teenagers related to obesity? 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The lack of Physical Education in public schools has decreased over theRead MoreSupplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, Food Insecurity, Dietary Quality, And Obesity Among Us Adults2012 Words   |  9 Pagessurvive day to day, that view is your luxury. Food is important to y our health, and when you are not getting the proper nutrients, your health suffers. â€Å"The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, Food Insecurity, Dietary Quality, and Obesity Among US Adults† by Binh Nguyen, Kerem Shuval, Farryl Bertmann, and Amy Yaroch talks about food insecurity, which they define as â€Å"†¦having limited access to adequate food is associated with increased stress levels and reduced overall well-being.† They sayRead MoreObesity : A Common And Costly Health Issue Essay760 Words   |  4 PagesObesity have been increasing over the last 30 years, with high rates globally, and among all economic levels. 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The results of the author’sRead MoreEssay on Obesity in America on the Rise1266 Words   |  6 PagesObesity in America Today, 78.1 million American adults and 12.5 million children are obese. Obesity in America is a unstoppable epidemic. Since the 1960s, the number of obese adults have doubled and the number of obese children have tripled. Because of America’s obesity problems, Surgeon General David Satcher issued a report saying; The Surgeon Generals Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight, said that obesity have reached epidemic proportions in America. Obesity in America has noRead MoreObesity : The State Of Imbalance Between The Calories1459 Words   |  6 PagesObesity is the state of imbalance between the calories consumed versus the calories expended leading to an excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue resulting in physical and psychological problems. 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Successful Aging Through Participatory Arts Programming...

80 is the new 40: Successful Aging through Participatory Arts Programming for Older Adults The United States is in the midst of a major demographic shift. People are living longer which means that the population of older adults, those sixty years and over, is growing. It is projected that by the year 2040, older adults will far outnumber school age children. Older adults are currently healthier and lead more productive lives than ever before, due in part to modern medicine and the new idea of seeing older people for their potential rather than their problems. This has prompted the concept of â€Å"creative aging† or â€Å"successful aging.† This positive view of aging is not new, only the terminology. Cicero, the Roman philosopher, is perhaps the first to introduce the idea of â€Å"good aging† in his essay, â€Å"On Old Age† which was penned in the year 44 BC. He wrote this essay in his early 60’s to show that old age is not a phase of decline and loss, and if approached properly becomes a time for positive change and productive f unctioning (Baltes Baltes, 1990). Over the last few decades the subject of successful aging has been the topic of a number of scholarly articles and books and has recently been tied to participatory arts and humanities programming through agencies that provide services to the older adult demographic. As public libraries struggle to remain relevant in today’s society and respond to the changing needs of older adult patrons it is important to become moreShow MoreRelatedElectronic Media vs Print (Thesis Paper)13276 Words   |  54 Pagesconduct practical research based on legitimate findings and from previous tutelage from media communication instructors. 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Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressedRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagestechnology or health care. The increase in the technology jobs is due to the rapid increase in the use of information technology, such as databases, system design and analysis, and desktop publishing. The health care jobs are growing as a result of the aging of the U.S. population and workforce, a factor discussed later. Chapter 1 Changing Nature of Human Resource Management 5 FIGURE 1—1 The 10 Occupations with the Fastest Employment Growth, 1996—2006 Numbers in Thousands of Jobs Occupation DatabaseRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John WileyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesdegradation of the global environment and massive spurts in excessive mortality brought on by warfare, famine, periodic genocidal onslaughts, and worldwide epidemics. In no previous epoch of history was war so vilified and peace so consciously pursued through the establishment of international organizations and diplomatic exchanges. Despite these endeavors, the levels of domestic and international violence within human populations and the ravages visited upon animals and the natural world by humans vastlyRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesassets. D) It is more important for bigger organizations than smaller ones. E) It is seldom used by nonprofit organizations. Answer: B Page Ref: 4 Objective: 1 Difficulty: Easy 2) ________ is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value. A) Marketing management B) Knowledge management C) Operations management D) Strategic management E) Distribution management Answer:

The Diverse Nature of Psychology free essay sample

Psychology itself attempts to define people’s behavior through aspects of the human minds ability to process information and stimulants. The diversity of psychology is very evident within the many different branches of the American Psychological Association, each addressing a unique perspective within psychology of understanding human behavior (Plante, 2011). This diversity within psychology, allows psychologists the ability to expand in all areas of explanation, assessment, and diagnoses, which furthers the science of psychology through many different subfield specialties. This paper will discuss the subfields of psychology, the importance of diversity, and the practical applications of psychological principles. The Impact of Diversity in Psychology Each of the major concepts within psychology emphasizes different parts of human behavior, such as the cognitive, social, spiritual, and unconscious factors, which contribute to a person’s behavior. One main defining feature of psychology is that it is a data based scientific study of behavior, in which each step of research used to procure knowledge has contributed to advancements in the development of sound theories within psychology. We will write a custom essay sample on The Diverse Nature of Psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Three important features related to the science of psychology include the use of systematic empiricism, the production of public awareness, and the examination of problems (Plante, 2011). Psychology attempts to understand and explain psychological phenomenon using empirical techniques to advance scientifically. As the study of psychology progresses, it has further advanced into a diverse field. Subfields within Psychology Some of the major divisions of psychology include clinical psychology, psychotherapy, forensic psychology, industrial/organizational psychology, and environmental psychology. These major fields of psychology then branch off into subfields within psychology. One such example is Abnormal Psychology, which derives itself from roots in psychotherapy, clinical psychology and even neuroscience. Abnormal psychology studies abnormal behavior and psychopathology and emphasizes the research and treatment of mental disorders (Plante, 2011). Within Abnormal psychology there are further subtopics such as each individual mental illness and their implications on behavior, in addition to treatments for such disorders, illnesses and diseases which could also vary based on subtopic. Another good example of a subfield within psychology is Lifespan Development, which derives its roots from developmental psychology, the nature vs nurture psychological debate and behavioral psychology. Lifespan Development devotes it’s time to studying the effects of childhood development on human growth and the lifespan of an individual and their experiences. Lifespan development aids in the popular ideas of raising children and disciplining unruly teens. In addition Lifespan Development seeks to understand and justify adult behavior based on childhood experiences, and then retrain the adult to more practical behavioral practices. This type of theory can be applied in contemporary society through detention and juvenile delinquent facilities (Landrum Davis, 2010). Conclusion Psychology is a scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The discipline is divided into a variety of subfields, each focusing on specific areas of psychological functioning. The diversity of the discipline allows psychologists a broader array of speculation to advance in areas of understanding, prediction, explanation, and intervention measures. Psychological principles can be applied to a wide variety of human functioning including clinical diagnosis, personality measures, legal operations, phobia treatments, and many more. The discipline of psychology focuses on behavior and mental processes advancing the field with scientific techniques to help optimize the lives of others. The diverse character of the psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral perspectives exemplifies the distinct nature of psychological perspectives, although both support the unifying goal of psychology to improve the quality of life for people and resolve human conflict. Although viewpoints and perspectives in the science of psychology sometimes appear different in nature, each attempts to address disease and disorder from its distinct scientific point of reference. Each perspective addresses human behavior from a distinct viewpoint, although none is an all-encompassing. Diversity permeates the major perspectives in psychology as well as their divisions and subtopics, which affects other disciplines as well as secular and popular thought. Abnormal psychology and lifespan development affect thought in education and neuroscience as well as other disciplines and fields of psychology (Plante, 2011).

The Future of Family Planning and Fertility in Iran

Introduction One of the post-modernity’s main aspects is that fact that, as of today, the growth of the human population has attained a clearly defined exponential momentum. This raises certain concerns about whether the human civilisation will be able to maintain its resource-related sustainability in the future.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Future of Family Planning and Fertility in Iran specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After all, unlike what it happened to be the case with ‘human resources’, the natural ones are not self-renewable, which in turn implies that, despite its politically incorrect sounding, the notion of overpopulation is indeed legitimate. What also adds to the sheer acuteness of the earlier mentioned issue is that there are no universally accepted discursive explanations as to what can be considered the actual causes of the exponentially defined process, concer ned with the planet population’s continuial growth. Moreover, there are no thoroughly comprehensive explanations as to the fact that there are a number of unmistakably phenomenological overtones to the issue at stake. The main of them is that some countries, formerly associated with the skyrocketing birth rate among their citizens, were nevertheless able to reduce this rate by 60% within the matter of a decade (Cohen 161). In this respect, Iran stands out as the perfect example. However, there is a good reason to believe that, contrary to what it is being commonly assumed, there is nothing ‘mysterious’ about the ongoing ‘demographic boom’, on the one hand, and the fact that this process appears to be thoroughly manageable, on the other. In this paper, I will explore the validity of the above suggested at length. There will be two consequential phases to how I intend to address the task: a) outlining the most relevant theoretical approaches to tacklin g the issue of high/low fertility, b) utilizing the obtained insights, in order to come up with the suggestions, as to the discourse-related implications of the current demographic situation in Iran. Literature review As of today, the most commonly deployed approaches towards dealing with the fertility-related issues can be generalised as ‘neo-Malthusian’, ‘phenomenological’ and ‘neo-Marxian’. The origins of the first of these approaches date back to the late 18th century, when Thomas Malthus published his famous Essay on the Principle of Population. In this essay, Malthus promoted the idea that whereas the accumulation of a ‘surplus product’ increases in the mathematical progression to the flow of time, the simultaneous growth of the population, which makes the production of this product possible, occurs on an essentially geometrical (exponential) basis. As he pointed out: â€Å"The only true criterion of a real and permanent inc rease in the population of any country is the increase of the means of subsistence†¦Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There must be periods when population increases permanently, without an increase in the means of subsistence† (Malthus 41). What it means is that people’s enthusiasm in ‘baby-making’ is a strongly counterproductive category as the more populous a particular society happened to be, the higher are the changes for it to collapse due to overpopulation. There is one more implication to this Malthusian suggestion: the assumption that it remains well within the range of just about every government’s executive authority to exercise a control over the demographic dynamics within the concerned society (Yew 52). Malthus was able to illustrate the validity of the earlier mentioned idea mathematically, therefore there is nothing o dd about the fact that throughout the first part of the 20th century the Malthusian outlook on the humanity’s grim future (due to overpopulation) used to be shared by many prominent intellectuals/social activists of the time. In this respect, we can well mention the name of Margaret Sanger – one of the early proponents of birth control and eugenics as the instruments of ensuring a high biological quality of a nation. According to Sanger, the birth-control policies, enacted by the government, cannot be solely concerned with addressing the dangers of overpopulation. Rather, they should reflect the fact that after having realised themselves in the position to exercise a rationale-fueled control over their destiny, as the representatives of Homo Sapiens species, people are now thoroughly capable of applying a conscious effort into increasing the extent of their evolutionary fitness: â€Å"We must first free our bodies from disease and predisposition to disease. We must pe rfect these bodies and make them fine instruments of the mind and the spirit† (Sanger 270). Nevertheless, the Germany’s defeat in 1945 has effectively ended the popularity of Sanger’s idea in this respect. The reason for this is that ever since the end of the WW2, the very concept of eugenics had become strongly associated with the notion of ‘Nazism’. As time went on, more and more Western sociologists were becoming increasingly aware of the fact that there is a link between the rate of fertility, exhibited by a particular society, and the measure of this society’s socio-cultural advancement. Such awareness on their part became the conceptual premise, upon which the proponents of neo-Malthusianism base their view on what accounts for the actual significance of what happened to be the spatially localized rate of people’s self-reproduction. This premise is concerned with the assumption that unlike what it happened to be the case with peop le who reside in large cities, the well-being of rural dwellers overwhelmingly depends on how successful they are while tending crops. Hence, the explanation to the phenomenon of the rurally-based people’s high fertility: by conceiving as many babies, as possible, these people simply try to survive physically, as even young children can be well turned into the agricultural helpers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Future of Family Planning and Fertility in Iran specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In its turn, this implies that the rate, with which people go about ‘making babies’, is consistent with these people’s place on the hierarchical ladder of evolution. The more complex a particular society happened to be, the fewer are there the objective preconditions for the society’s members to preoccupy themselves with procreation. What is being rarely mentioned in this respe ct is that in the technologically advanced Western societies, the Darwinian laws of natural selection no longer work, which in turn sets these societies on the path of degradation and extinction. The currently endorsed Western policy of encouraging mentally inadequate citizens to ‘celebrate uniqueness’, even at the expense of allowing them to pass their defective genes to the representatives of next generations, illustrates the validity of the earlier suggestion perfectly well. Partially, the above-mentioned provides us with the insight into the causes of the recent rise of neo-Malthusianism (commonly associated with the name of Paul Ehrlich – the author of The Population Bomb) – a theory that forecasts the eventual collapse of the human civilisation due the effects of overpopulation (Ehrlich 130). The reason for this is that, as the mentioned book implies, it is not the rising level of poverty (assumed to have been caused by overpopulation) among people i n the Third World, which concerns Westerners the most, but rather the fact that while continuing to increase in numbers, the ‘poor and needy’ from these countries will begin to pose an acute danger to the Western civilisation’s continual well-being. The full soundness of this statement can be well illustrated in regards to the fact that, for example, within the matter of the last sixty years, the population of Ethiopia has tripled, despite the fact that throughout this time Ethiopians continued to suffer from the never-ending civil war and famine. On the other hand, it is not only that, throughout the course of recent decades, the rate of the White people’s fertility has been reduced down to its all-time minimum, but they have also grown increasingly incapable of addressing even the most basic challenges of life (McArdle 35). Nevertheless, the apparent biasness of the neo-Malthusian (positivist) assumption that the less there are children ‘per womanà ¢â‚¬â„¢, the better, and that the more there are children in a particular family, the greater is the measure of this family’s technological/cultural backwardness, can also be shown in regards to a number of the assumption’s methodological inconsistencies. For example, there appears to be very little rationale in associating the high rate of fertility with the high rate of illiteracy.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Motavalli noted: â€Å"Education usually does produce smaller families, but there are exceptions. Tanzania had achieved 90 percent female literacy by the early 1990s, but parents in 2002 had an average of 5.3 children† (3). Also, there are no good reasons to believe that the strength of people’s sense of religiosity always positively relates to the strength of their taste for ‘baby making’. Even though the total rate of fertility (TRF) among religious women in the Second and Third World countries has always been much higher, as compared to the TRF among the perceptually secularized females in the West, as time goes on, there appears to be more and more exemptions from this rule. The most striking of them is concerned with the phenomenon of the annual birth rate in Iran having been reduced rather drastically throughout the course of the recent decade and a half, despite the fact that just as it was the case fifteen years ago, the Iranian society continue s to remain strongly religious (Vahidnia 260). This explains why it is namely the ‘phenomenological’ outlook on the significance of the fertility rate in a particular society, which nowadays affects the dynamics of the ongoing fertility-related public discourse to an ever-higher degree. According to the advocates of a ‘phenomenological’ sociology, it is utterly inappropriate to refer to the TRF in a particular region of the world as being reflective of the concerned people’s socio-cultural development alone. For example, according to Bongaarts and Watkins, the essence of the fertility-dynamics in the society cannot be discussed outside of what accounts for the phenomenological subtleties of how the society’s members socialise with each other. As the authors pointed out: â€Å"Development alone is insufficient to account for the observed variations in the timing of the onset of transitions (in fertility)†¦ Before the transition onset, soc ial interaction can inhibit fertility change† (Bongaarts and Watkins 669). Nevertheless, just as it happened to be the case with neo-Malthusians, ‘phenomenologists’ tend to regard the notion of high fertility in largely negative terms. This stance, is being challenged by the so-called ‘neo-Marxian’ sociologists, who believe that it is namely the workings of the greed-fueled ‘free market’ economy, which legitimise the idea that there can be no ‘room under the Sun’ for all on this planet. According to these sociologists, it is in the very nature of Capitalism (as an economic system that goes about optimizing its functioning by means of reducing the affiliated operational costs) to seek out the ways to have as few people employed, as possible (Malakoff 545). What it means is that if the Capitalist society continues to function ‘unattended’, it becomes only the matter of time before it begins to exhibit the signs of being demographically stagnant. After all, there is simply no other way for such a society to be able to maintain the adequate standards of living among the citizens, other than by means of preventing them from being able to reproduce in sufficient numbers. This explains the actual origins of the process of Western societies growing progressively ‘aged’ (Herrmann 28). This is also the reason why the main challenge of Capitalism has always been the overabundance of workers, whereas the Socialism’s main problem has been the permanent shortage of the available workforce. The above-mentioned suggests that the ‘problem of overpopulation’ cannot be referred to as being thoroughly objective, as it is only Capitalism that creates the situation when, as time goes on, more and more people realize that they represent the world’s ‘human burden’, regardless of the rate of these people’s fertility (Von Eschen 420). The earlier provided t heoretical considerations as to what can be deemed the actual forces behind the fluctuations of the TFR in a particular country should prove rather enlightening within the context of discussing the specifics of the demographic situation in Iran. The case of Iran Probably the main feature of the modern history of Iran is the fact that through the years of 1986-1996, the country’s population of 60 million was enlarged by 10 million, hence, becoming to account for 70 million ‘strong’ by the beginning of 1997. In its turn, this implies that the total rate of fertility in Iran throughout the mentioned period was 6 births per woman. However, during the course of the next decade (1996-2006), the Iranian TRF was reduced down to 2.8 births per woman. Moreover, as time goes on, the total rate of fertility in this country continues to decline rather rapidly: â€Å"The own-children estimates of fertility for Iran based on the 2000 Iran Demographic and Health Survey show tha t the TFR has declined further and reached replacement level (2.26) during the period 1998-2000. The figure for the year 2000 is 2.17† (Abbasi-Shavazi 425). The main reason behind the earlier mentioned reduction of the TFR in Iran was the fact that ever since 1985, the government started to implement the policy of ‘family planning’, the main objective of which was to slow down the uncontrollable growth of the country’s population. The following is the list of the main factors that contributed towards this particular policy, on the part of the Iranian government, proving itself utterly effective: a) Ever since the Islamic Revolution of 1979, the Iranian government never ceased to invest rather heavily in providing the educational opportunities for as many citizens as possible. In this respect, the emphasis was placed on educating women. In its turn, the increased rate of literacy among Iranian women resulted in the latter becoming secularised to an extent, h ence, providing the additional incentives for these women to choose in favor of ‘family planning’. This confirms the validity of the earlier mentioned neo-Malthusian assumption that the rate of people’s literacy positively relates to the extent of their educational accomplishments. b) The country’s top-ranking clergyman thoroughly supported the government’s fertility-reducing effort. In 1980, Ayatollah Khomeini declared that the use of contraceptives on the part of Iranian citizens is fully consistent with the main theological provisions of Islam. This, aided the mentioned governmental effort rather substantially, because of the Khomeini’s approval of contraceptives, even the country’s utterly religious citizens were growing emotionally comfortable with the idea of exercising caution, while indulging in the sexual socialisation with each other. There are clearly defined ‘phenomenological’ undertones to it, as the example o f Iran indicates, there can be no good reason in believing that the Church always acts as the fertility’s main agent. c) The implementation of the earlier mentioned fertility-reducing initiative on the part of the Iranian government proceeded hand in hand with the process of the country’s continuous urbanization. It has been estimated that by the year 1996, 60% of the country’s population consisted of urbanites (Abbasi-Shavazi 430). This established the additional preconditions for the governmental initiative to succeed. After all, as it was pointed out earlier, there are no objective reasons for city dwellers to consider ‘baby-making’ an activity that is crucial to ensuring their very survival, in the physical sense of this word. d) Through the years 1985-1996, the Iranian economy sustained a number of setbacks. In its turn, this naturally caused the country’s sexually productive citizens to experience a certain psychological anxiety related to the prospect of not being able to secure a well-paid job on their part. Consequently, the rate of reproduction among these people has declined rather dramatically. In light of the above-mentioned, we can come with suggestions as to what predetermined the essence of the Iranian demographic policies in the recent past, and also as to what will account for the country’s demographic dynamics in the future. First, the sheer successfulness of the implementation of the ‘family planning’ policy in Iran has been largely predetermined by the essentially authoritarian paradigm of a political rulership in this country. The reason for this is apparent as after having decided to proceed with enacting this policy, the Iranian governmental officials continued to exercise a full control over every consequential phase of the policy’s implementation. Second, the foremost reason for the Iranian government to choose in favor of implementing the earlier mentioned policy was that, despite being strongly committed to the traditional values of Islam, the Iranian society continues to remain essentially Capitalist. This explains why in the time of peace the Iranian policymakers tend to regard the prospect of the country’s population continuing to boom in terms of a ‘problem’, rather than in terms of an ‘economic asset’. Third, contrary to what it is being assumed in the West, Iran is not preparing actively for war with America and its allies in the region. Had this been otherwise, the country would have pursued with implementing the aggressive pro-natalist policy, just as it was the case during the course of the Iran–Iraq War (Goldstone 5). The popularity of the anti-natalist sentiment in today’s Iran can also be explained by the fact that, as time goes on, this country grows increasingly secularised, which reduces the chances for the outbreak of yet another Persian War even further. Finally, if the current â €˜family planning’ policy in Iran remains enacted, in about 20 years from now the country’s economy will face the acute challenge of having to sustain the existence of the exponentially proliferating population of senior citizens. This challenge will prove especially serious, given the fact that at this time the number of fully employed young Iranians will be severely undercut, as a direct result of the currently implemented ‘family planning’ policy. This implies that in order for Iran to be able to maintain its economic sustainability as an independent country, it will need to put away with the concerned anti-natalist policy. Conclusion The earlier provided line of argumentation as to what accounts for the qualitative essence of the ‘neo-Malthusian’, ‘phenomenological’ and ‘neo-Marxian’ approaches to fertility-management and as to what can be considered as the discursive significance of the currently enacted †˜family planning’ policy in Iran, appears thoroughly consistent with the paper’s initial thesis. Apparently, there can be indeed a very little rationale in believing that the notion of ‘fertility’ is thoroughly objective and that, as such, it is not being affected by the currently predominant socio-cultural discourse. The deployed arguments also imply that the most effective instrument of addressing the problem of overpopulation would be concerned with overthrowing Capitalism on a global scale and with adopting the Socialist methods of managing the population/economy. Works Cited Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad. Recent Changes and the Future of Fertility in Iran. 2007. Web. Bongaarts, John and Susan Watkins. â€Å"Social Interactions and Contemporary Fertility Transitions.† Population and Development Review 22.4. (1996): 639-682. Print. Cohen, Joel. â€Å"Population and Climate Change.† Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 154.2 (2010) : 158-182. Print. Ehrlich, Paul. The Population Bomb. New York: Ballantine Books, 1971. Print. Goldstone, Jack. â€Å"Population and Security: How Demographic Change Can Lead to Violent Conflict.† Journal of International Affairs 56.1 (2002): 4-22. Print. Herrmann, Michael. â€Å"Population Aging and Economic Development: Anxietiesand Policy Responses.† Population Ageing 5 (2012): 23–46. Print. Malakoff, David. â€Å"Are More People Necessarily a Problem?† Science 333.6042 (2011): 544-546. Print. Malthus, Thomas. An Essay of the Principle of Population. 1798. PDF file. Web. McArdle, Megan. â€Å"Europe’s Real Crisis.† The Atlantic Monthly 309.3 (2012): 32-35. Print. Motavalli, Jim. The Numbers Game. 2003. Web. Sanger, Margaret. The Pivot of Civilization. New York: Brentano’s, 1922. Print. Vahidnia, Farnaz. â€Å"Case Study: Fertility Decline in Iran.† Population Environment 28.4/5 (2007): 259-266. Print. Von Eschen, Donald. â €Å"Capitalism and Imperialism: An Introduction to Neo-Marxian Concepts.† Contemporary Sociology 3.5 (1974): 419-421. Print. Yew, Lee. â€Å"Laissez-Faire Procreation.† Foreign Policy 150 (2005): 52-53. Print. This research paper on The Future of Family Planning and Fertility in Iran was written and submitted by user Tristen F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.